Preheat oven to 350°F (175°C). Grease a 9x5 inch loaf pan with butter or non-stick spray. For easy removal, line with a parchment paper sling.
Melt butter in microwave in 30-second intervals or on the stovetop over low heat. Let cool for at least 5 minutes.
Peel bananas and mash thoroughly in a large bowl with a fork or potato masher until mostly smooth with a few small lumps remaining.
Add brown sugar, eggs, cooled melted butter, sourdough discard, and vanilla to the mashed bananas. Mix with a spatula or whisk until smooth and cohesive.
In a separate medium bowl, whisk together flour, baking soda, baking powder, salt, and cinnamon until evenly distributed.
Pour dry ingredients into the wet ingredients all at once. Fold gently with a spatula until just combined and no dry streaks remain. Do not overmix.
Fold in walnuts or chocolate chips with 3 to 4 gentle strokes. Reserve a small handful to sprinkle on top before baking.
Pour batter into the prepared pan and spread evenly. Tap the pan on the counter 2-3 times to release air bubbles.
Bake on the center rack for 55 to 65 minutes. Check doneness by inserting a toothpick into the center — it should come out clean or with a few moist crumbs. Tent with foil if browning too quickly.
Cool in the pan for 15 minutes, then use the parchment sling to lift the loaf onto a wire rack. Cool for at least another 30 minutes before slicing.